Annual vaccination of pets became the accepted (and recommended) standard from the 1950s through to the 1990s.  A titer test is test that measures the level of antibodies in your pet's body. They can be used to determine the effectiveness of a vaccine but also the presence of any natural immunity towards disease.

Canine hot spots, also known as pyotraumatic dermatitis or acute moist dermatitis, are red, inflamed skin lesions that appear quickly, ooze, and may contain pus. Hot spots can be found anywhere on a dog’s body, but most commonly appear on the head, legs, and hips. These painful, itchy, and smelly sores, can be very obviously seen, or may be hidden beneath matted fur…

Ear infections can be a very painful condition for dogs, and they cause inflammation, damage and scarring in the ear canal when not addressed adequately. It can be incredibly frustrating when you have finally resolved one infection, only to find another one starting up. You are doing everything right, yet still continue to come back...

Families and dogs living together happily share similar gut and skin microbiomes with their owners, although the degree to which this occurs may vary depending on factors such as the type of contact they have, the living environment, and the dog's diet.